An image of a rare facsimile, printed in the late 18th century, is shown below. The original map was created sometime during the early to mid-1400s by an unknown cartographer. The map is known as the “Borgia map.” The map was named after Cardinal Stefano Borgia, a member of a wealthy family from Velletri, Italy. Cardinal Borgia was a historian and collector of antique manuscripts; he founded the Museo Borgiano in Velletri where he deposited his collection of antiques.
In 1794 Cardinal Borgia purchased the original map at an antique shop. He brought the map to his museum in Velletri, it was later transferred to the Vatican Library.
Cardinal Borgia had facsimiles printed from a cast of the original map. Approximately ten facsimiles from the Cardinal’s cast are known to exist today; the one featured in this post is held in the Geography and Map Division.
The original Borgia map was constructed by riveting two heavy round copper plates together. The map is oriented with the south positioned at the top. There are thirty-seven circular holes on the map; the reason for the placement of the holes is a mystery. The outer rim is decorated with numbered diamond shapes. The map’s script indicates that it was created in Germany. Descriptive text is included next to illustrations of humans and animals. Pictured below are details from the Borgia map with a few examples of the accompanying text. The translated text is from the book A Fifteenth Century Map of the World, written in 1891 by the Swedish author Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld.
“Asia Major. [North Russia] Albani Magna. Here are dogs stronger than lions.”
“Livonia. The land formerly of illustrious women. In this lake…”
“Hyperborean mountains, in which Griffins and tigers dwell.”
“Between the Don and the Volga. Here the Pagans worship fire.”
“Asia Major. [North Russia]. Here the body is put to be preserved by the cold. This race considers itself sacred, and they make of themselves a sacrifice, placing a particular head on a pole by the hair, and then they adore it on their knees until it falls.”
“Mare Yrcaneium. [Eastern Asia]. The distant Seres collecting silk from the trees.”
“Egypt. Alexandria.
Phoenix, the sole most beautiful and solitary bird in the world, burns itself in an aromatic fire, and in three days is recreated from its ashes.
The desert of Egypt, in which are many wild animals.”
Many medieval world maps are oriented to the east, with Jerusalem at the center. The Borgia map is oriented to the south and Jerusalem is not shown on the map. The map may have been made solely for decorative purposes. The Borgia map, engraved on copper and circled with diamond shapes, is truly unique.
Discover more about the Borgia Map:
- An account of a copy from the 15th century of a map of the world engraved on metal, by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. An electronic copy is available here.
- The Borgia/Velletri World Map by Jim Siebold.
- The Hereford world map : medieval world maps and their context, by Peter Barber. Pages 38-40.
- The world map, 1300-1492 : the persistence of tradition and transformation, by Evelyn Edson. Pages 175-179.
Source: https://blogs.loc.gov/maps/2024/10/cardinal-borgias-unusual-map-of-the-world/